The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Biomedical information sciences is an emerging field using information engineerings in medical attention. This interdisciplinary field bridges the clinical and genomic research by disputing computing machine solutions ( Mayer, 2012 ) . It is the scientific discipline of utilizing system analytic tools to develop algorithms for direction, procedure control, determination devising and scientific analysis of medical cognition ( Edward Shortliffe H, 2006 ) . It leads to the development of intelligent algorithms that can execute submitted undertakings and do determinations without human intercession. It focuses chiefly on algorithms needed for use and geting cognition from the information which distinguishes it from other medical subjects pulling research workers interested in cognition acquisition for adept systems in the biomedical field.Knowledge Discovery ProcedureThe term Knowledge Discovery in databases ( KDD ) has been adopted for a field of research covering with the automatic fin d of inexplicit information or cognition within databases ( Jiawei, et al. , 2008 ) . With the fast development and acceptance of informations aggregation methods including high throughput sequencing, electronic wellness records, and assorted imaging techniques, the wellness attention industry has accumulated a big sum of informations. KDD are progressively being applied in wellness attention for obtaining huge cognition by placing potentially valuable and apprehensible forms in the database. These forms can be utilized for farther research and rating of studies.Stairss in KDD ProcessThe chief challenge in KDD procedure is to detect, every bit much as possible utile forms from the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stairss in KDD procedure. Fig 1.2 KDD Procedure The overall procedure of happening and construing forms from informations involves the perennial application of the undermentioned stairss. 1. Datas choice 2. Data cleansing and preprocessing 3. Data decrease and projection 4. Datas excavation 5. Interpreting and measuring mined forms 6. Consolidating discovered cognitionData excavationData excavation, a cardinal undertaking in the KDD, plays a cardinal function in pull outing forms. Forms may be â€Å" similarities † or â€Å" regularities † in the information, â€Å" high-ranking information † or â€Å" cognition † implied by the informations ( Stutz J 1996 ) . The forms discovered depend upon the information excavation undertakings applied to the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stages in the information excavation procedure. Figure 1.3 Phases in the information excavation procedure The stages in the information excavation procedure to extort forms include Developing an apprehension of the application sphere Data geographic expedition Data readying Choosing the information excavation algorithms Modeling Mining forms Interpretation of forms Evaluation of consequences1.2.3 Development of informations excavationData excavation has evolved over three subjects viz. statistics, unreal intelligence ( AI ) and machine acquisition ( ML ) ( Becher. J. 2000 ) . Statistics forms the base for most engineerings, on which information excavation is built. The following subject, AI is the art of implementing human thought like treating to statistical jobs. The 3rd one ML can be exposed as the brotherhood of statistics and AI. Data excavation is basically the version of machine larning techniques to analyze informations and happen antecedently concealed tendencies or forms within. Figure 1.4 Development of informations excavation1.2.4 Machine acquisitionML is the construct which makes the computing machine plans learn and analyze the given informations they study, so that the plans themselves can be capable of doing different determinations based on the qualities of the studied informations. They have the capableness to automatically larn cognition from experience and other ways ( T, et al. , 2008 ) . They make usage of statistics for cardinal constructs adding more advanced AI heuristics and algorithms to accomplish its ends. ML has a broad assortment of applications in wellness attention. Clinical determination support systems are one among them.1.3 Clinical determination support systemsA clinical determination support system has been coined as an active cognition systems, which use two or more points of patient informations to bring forth case-specific advice [ ] . Clinical determination support systems ( CDSS ) assist doctors in the determination devising procedure. They give a 2nd sentiment in naming diseases therefore cut downing mistakes in diagnosing. They help the clinicians in early diagnosing, differential diagnosing and choosing proper intervention schemes without human intercession.Necessity of CDSSThe most important issue confronting a household doctor is the perfect diagnosing of the disease. As more intervention options are available it will go progressively of import to name them early. Although human determination devising is frequently optimum, the turning figure of patients together with clip restraints increases the emphasis and work burden for the doctors and decreases the quality attention offered by them to the patients. Having an adept nearby all clip to help in determination devising is non a executable solution. CDSS offers a executable solution by back uping doctors with a fast sentiment of what the diagnosing of the patient could be and ease to better nosologies in complex clinical state of affairss.Approachs for CDSSThere are two types of attacks for edifice CDSS, viz. those utilizing knowledge base and illation engine and those utilizing machine larning algorithms. ML systems are most preferable than regulation based systems. Table 1.1 shows the differences between regulation based and ML based systems. Difference between the two attacks for CDSS Rule based Systems ML based systems Synergistic hence slow Non synergistic hence fast Human resources are needed to do regulations at each measure in determination devising procedure Once the system is trained determination devising is done automatically without human intercession therefore salvaging adept human resources Knowledge base requires inference engine for geting cognition Non cognition base learn and update cognition through experienceML based CDSSML algorithms based systems are fast and effectual for a individual disease. Pattern acknowledgment is indispensable for the diagnosing of new diseases. ML plays a critical function in acknowledging forms in the information excavation procedure. It searches for the forms within the patient database. Searching and acknowledging forms in the biochemical province of morbid people is really relevant to understanding of how diseases manifest or drugs act. This information can be utilized for disease bar, disease direction, drug find therefore bettering wellness attention and wellness care.Requirements of a good CadmiumThe prognostic public presentation and generalisation power of CDSS plays a critical function in categorization of diseases. Typically high sensitiveness and specificity is required to govern out other diseases. This reduces subsequent diagnostic processs which causes extra attempts and costs for di fferential diagnosing of the disease. Additionally high prognostic truth, speedy processing, consequences reading and visual image of the consequences are besides compulsory for good showing systems.Common issues for CDSSIn CDSS systems determination devising can be seen as a procedure in which the algorithm at each measure selects a variable, learns and updates inference based on the variable and uses the new overall information to choose farther variables. Unfortunately finding which sequence carries the most diagnostic information is hard because the figure of possible sequences taking to rectify diagnosing is really big. Choosing good variables for categorization is a ambitious undertaking. Another practical job originating from the CDSS is handiness of necessary sample of patients with a confirmed diagnosing. If there were adequate sample from the population of given disease it would be possible to happen out assorted forms of the properties in the sample. The thesis addresses these two jobs individually.Organization of the thesisThe thesis is divided into 10 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature reappraisal Chapter 3: Motivation and aims of the work Chapter 4: Knowledge based analysis of supervised larning algorithms in disease sensing Chapter 5: SVM based CSSFFS Feature choice algorithm for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 6: A Hybrid Feature Selection Method based on IGSBFS and NaA?ve Bayes for the Diagnosis of Erythemato – Squamous Diseases Chapter 8: A Combined CFS – SBS Approach for Choosing Predictive Genes to Detect Colon Cancer Chapter 9: A Hybrid SPR_Naive Bayes Algorithm to choose marker cistrons for observing malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 10: Hegs algorithm Chapter 11: LNS Semi Supervised Learning Algorithm for Detecting Breast Cancer Chapter 12: Decision and future sweetening.DrumheadChapter 2Literature reappraisalOverview of Machine larningMachine larning systems in wellness attentionAs medical information systems in modern infirmaries and medical establishments became larger and larger it causes greater troubles. The information base is more for disease sensing. Medical analysis utilizing machine larning techniques has been implemented for the last two decennaries. It has been proven that the benefits of presenting machine larning into medical analysis are to increase diagnostic truth, to cut down costs and to cut down human resources. The medical spheres in which ML has been used are diagnosing of acute appendicitis [ 27 ] , diagnosing of dermatological disease [ 28 ] , diagnosing of female urinary incontinency [ 29 ] , diagnosing of thyroid diseases [ 30 ] , happening cistrons in DNA [ 31 ] , outcome anticipation of patients with terrible caput hurt [ 32 ] , outcome patients of patients with terrible caput hu rt [ 33 ] , Xcyt, by Dr. Wolberg to accurately name chest multitudes based entirely on a Fine Needle Aspiration ( FNA ) [ 35 ] , anticipation of metabolic and respiratory acidosis in kids [ 34 ] , every bit good as associating clinical and neurophysiologic appraisal of spasticity [ 35 ] among many others. Mention [ 31 ] [ 103 ] .ML Systems procedureMachine acquisition typesApplications of MLML algorithmsCommon algorithmic issuesSolutions to the algorithmic issuesFeature choiceFeature choice has besides been used in the anticipation of molecular bioactivity in drug design [ 132 ] , and more late, in the analysis of the context of acknowledgment of functional site in DNA sequences [ 142, 72, 69 ] .Advantages of characteristic choiceImproved public presentation of categorization algorithms by taking irrelevant characteristics ( noise ) . Improved generalisation ability of the classifier by avoiding over-fitting ( larning a classifier that is excessively tailored to the preparation samples, but performs ill on other samples ) . By utilizing fewer characteristics, classifiers can be more efficient in clip and infinite. It allows us to better understand the sphere. It is cheaper to roll up and hive away informations based on a decreased characteristic set.Need for characteristic choiceFeature choice methodsPresently three major types of characteristic choice theoretical accounts have been intensively utilised for cistron choice and informations dimension decrease in microarray informations. They are filter theoretical accounts, wrapper theoretical accounts, and embedded theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Examples of filters are 2-statistic [ 5 ] , t-statistic [ 6 ] , ReliefF [ 7 ] , Information Gain [ 8 ] etc. Classical negligee algorithms include forward choice and backward riddance [ 4 ] . The 3rd group of choice strategy known as embedded attacks uses the inductive algorithm itself as the characteristic picker every bit good as classifier. Feature choice is really a byproduct of the categorization procedure. Examples are categorization trees such as ID3 [ 15 ] and C4.5 [ 16 ] . John, Kohavi and Pfleger [ 7 ] addressed the job of irrelevant characteristics and the subset choice job. Pudil, and Kittler [ 20 ] presented drifting hunt methods in characteristic choice. Blum and Langley [ 1 ] focused on two cardinal issues: the job of choosing relevant characteristics and the job of choosing relevant illustrations. Kohavi and John [ 24 ] introduced negligees for characteristic subset choice. Yang and Pedersen [ 27 ] evaluated document frequence ( DF ) , information addition ( IG ) , common information ( MI ) , a 2-test ( CHI ) and term strength ( TS ) ; and found IG and CHI to be the most effectual. Dash and Liu [ 4 ] gave a study of characteristic choice methods for categorization. Liu and Motoda [ 12 ] wrote their book on characteristic choice which offers an overview of the methods developed since the 1970s and provides a general model in order to analyze these methods and categorise them. Kira and Rendell ( 1992 ) described a statistical characteristic choice algorithm called RELIEF that uses case based larning to delegate a relevancy weight to each characteristic. Koller and Sahami ( 1996 ) examined a method for characteristic subset choice based on Information Theory. Jain and Zongker ( 1997 ) considered assorted characteristic subset choice algorithms and found that the consecutive forward drifting choice algorithm, proposed by Pudil, NovoviE†¡covA?a and Kittler ( 1994 ) , dominated the other algorithms tested. Yang and Honavar ( 1998 ) used a familial algorithm for characteristic subset choice. Weston, et Al. ( 2001 ) introduced a method of characteristic choice for SVMs. Xing, Jordan and Karp ( 2001 ) successfully applied characteristic choice methods ( utilizing a loanblend of filter and wrapper attacks ) to a categorization job in molecular biological science affecting merely 72 informations points in a 7130 dimensional infinite. Miller ( 2002 ) explained subset choice in arrested development. Forman ( 2003 ) presented an em pirical comparing of 12 characteristic choice methods. Guyon and Elisseeff ( 2003 ) gave an debut to variable and feature choice.FS in clinical informationsRessom et.al [ 3 ] gives an overview of statistical and machine learning-based characteristic choice and pattern categorization algorithms and their application in molecular malignant neoplastic disease categorization or phenotype anticipation. Their work does non affect experimental consequences. C.Y.V Watanabe et.al [ 4 ] , have devised a method called SACMiner aimed at chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing utilizing statistical association regulations. The method employs statistical association regulations to construct a categorization theoretical account. Their work classifies medical images and is non applicable to textual medical informations. Siegfried Nijssen et al. , [ 10 ] have presented their work on multi-class co-related form excavation. Their work resulted in the design of a new attack for point set excavation on informations from the UCI depository. Their comparing included merely the new attack designed and the extension of the Apriori algorithm. Their consequences reveal comparison chiefly on the runtime of the excavation attacks. T. Cover and P. Hart [ 11 ] performed categorization undertaking utilizing K- Nearest Neighbor categorization method. Their work shows that K-NN can be really accurate in categorization undertakings under certain specific fortunes. Their consequences reveal that for any figure of classs, the chance of mistake of the Nearest Neighbor regulation is bounded above by twice the Bayes chance of mistake. Aruna et.al [ 6 ] presented a comparing of categorization algorithms on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer and Breast tissue dataset but has non provided characteristic choice as a pre-classification status. Furthermore they have analyzed the categorization consequences of merely five categorization algorithms viz. NaA?ve Bayes, Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) , Radial Bas is Neural Networks ( RB-NN ) , Decision trees J48 and simple CART. Luxmi et. al. , [ 12 ] have performed a comparative survey on the public presentation of binary classifiers. They have used the Wisconsin chest malignant neoplastic disease dataset with 10 properties and non the chest tissue dataset. Furthermore they have non brought out the consequence of characteristic choice in categorization. Their experimental survey was restricted to four categorization algorithms viz. ID3, C4.5, K-NN and SVM. Their consequences did non uncover complete truth for any of the categorization algorithms.FS in genomic informationsFeature choice techniques are critical to the analysis of high dimensional datasets [ 1 ] . This is particularly true in cistron choice of microarrays because such datasets frequently contain a limited figure of preparation samples but big sum of characteristics, under the premise that merely several of which are strongly associated with the categorization undertaking while others are excess and noisy [ 2 ] . Previous research has proven cistron choice to be an effectual step in cut downing dimension to better the computational efficiency, taking irrelevant and noisy cistrons to better categorization and prognostic truth, and heightening interpretability that can assist place and supervise the mark disease or map types [ 3 ] . Gene look analysis is an illustration of a large-scale experiment, where one measures the written text of the familial information contained within the DNA into other merchandises, for illustration, courier RNA ( messenger RNA ) . By analyzing different degrees of messenger RNA activities of a cell, scientists learn how the cell alterations to react both to environmental stimulations and its ain demands. However, cistron look involves supervising the look degrees of 1000s of cistrons at the same time under a peculiar status. Microarray engineering makes this possible. A microarray is a tool for analysing cistron look. It consists of a little membrane or glass slide incorporating samples of many cistrons arranged in a regular form. Microarray analysis allows scientists to observe 1000s of cistrons in a little sample at the same time and to analyse the look of those cistrons. There are two chief types of microarray systems [ 35 ] : the complementary DNA microarrays developed in the Bro wn and Botstein Laboratory at Stanford [ 32 ] and the high-density oligonucleotide french friess from the Affymetrix company [ 73 ] Gene look informations from DNAmicroarrays are characterized by manymeasured variables ( cistrons ) on merely a few observations ( experiments ) , although both the figure of experiments and cistrons per experiment are turning quickly [ 82 ] . in [ 12 ] , cistrons selected by t-statistic were fed to a Bayesian probabilistic model for sample categorization. Olshen et al [ 85 ] suggested uniting t-statistic, Wilcoxon rank sum trial or the X2-statistic with a substitution based theoretical account to carry on cistron choice. Park et al built a marking system in [ 87 ] to delegate each cistron a mark based on preparation samples. Jaeger et al [ 51 ] designed three pre-filtering methods to recover groups of similar cistrons. Two of them are based on bunch and one is on correlativity. Thomas et Al in [ 121 ] , they presented a statistical arrested development patterning attack to detect cistrons that are differentially expressed between two categories of samples. to detect differentially expressed cistrons, Pan [ 86 ] compared t-statistic, the arrested development patterning attack against a mixture theoretical account attack proposed by him. Besides statistical steps, other dimension decrease methods were besides adopted to choose cistrons from look informations. Nguyen et al [ 82 ] proposed an analysis process for cistron look informations categorization, affecting dimension decrease utilizing partial least squares ( PLS ) and categorization utilizing logistic favoritism ( LD ) and quadratic discriminant analysis ( QDA ) . Furey et al [ 39 ] farther tested the efficiency of SVM on several other cistron look informations sets and besides obtained good consequences. Both of them selected prejudiced cistrons via signal-to-noise step. two new Bayesian categorization algorithms were investigated in Li et al [ 68 ] which automatically incor porated a characteristic choice procedure. Weston et al [ 131 ] incorporate characteristic choice into the learning process of SVM. The characteristic choice techniques they used included Pearson correlativity coefficients, Fisher standard mark, Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial and generalisation choice bounds from statistical larning theory. Traveling a measure farther, Guyon et al [ 43 ] presented an algorithm called recursive characteristic riddance ( RFE ) , by which characteristics were in turn eliminated during the preparation of a sequence of SVM classifiers. Gene choice was performed in [ 50 ] by a consecutive hunt engine, measuring the goodness of each cistron subset by a wrapper method. Another illustration of utilizing the negligee method was [ 67 ] , where Li et al combined a familial algorithm ( GA ) and the k-NN method to place a subset of cistrons that could jointly know apart between different categories of samples. Culhane et al [ 31 ] applied Between-Group Analysis ( BGA ) to microarray informations. A few published surveies have shown promising consequences for outcome anticipation utilizing cistron look profiles for certain diseases [ 102, 14, 129, 140, 88, and 60 ] . Cox relative jeopardy arrested development [ 30, 74 ] is a common method to analyze patient results. It has been used by Rosenwald et Al to analyze endurance after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) patients [ 102 ] , and by Beer et Al to foretell patient out of lung glandular cancer [ 14 ] .Semi supervised larningWithin the machine larning community, a figure of semi-supervised larning algorithms have been introduced taking to better the public presentation of classifiers by utilizing big sums of unlabelled samples together with the labelled 1s [ 12 ] . The end of semi-supervised acquisition is to utilize bing labeled informations in concurrence with unlabelled informations to bring forth more accurate classifiers than utilizing the labeled information entirely. A good overview of semi-supervised acquisition is provided by [ 7 ] .SSL methodsSemi-supervised larning algorithms can be productive, discriminatory or a combination of both. Some popular semi supervised methods within the productive categorization model include co-training [ 2, 5 ] . and outlook maximization ( EM ) mixture theoretical accounts [ 9, 1 ] . As a generic ensemble larning model [ 20 ] , hiking plants via consecutive building a additive combination of base scholars, which appears unusually successful for supervised acquisition [ 21 ] . Boosting has been extended to SSL with different schemes. Semi-supervised Margin Boost [ 22 ] and ASSEMBLE [ 23 ] were proposed by presenting the â€Å" pseudo category † or the â€Å" pseudo label † constructs to an unlabelled point so that unlabelled points can be treated every bit same as labelled illustrations in the boosting process. Regularization has been employed in semi supervised larning to work unlabelled informat ions [ 8 ] . A figure of regularisation methods have been proposed based on a bunch or smoothness premise, which exploits unlabelled informations to regulate the determination boundary and hence affects the choice of larning hypotheses [ 9 – 14 ] . Working on a bunch or smoothness premise, most of the regularisation methods are of course inductive. On the other manus, the manifold premise has besides been applied for regularisation where the geometric construction behind labelled and unlabelled informations is explored with a graph-based representation. In such a representation, illustrations are expressed as the vertices and the brace wise similarity between illustrations is described as a leaden border. Therefore, graph-based algorithms make good usage of the manifold construction to propagate the known label information over the graph for labeling all nodes [ 15 – 19 ]DrumheadChapter 3Motivation and aims of the workMotivation of the workFrom the literature study it can be seen that the machine-controlled systems for disease sensing, unluckily merely sort types of tumours or used for differential diagnosing of the disease. They do non choose the enlightening characteristic which contains necessary information for disease sensing. Raw information is used for preparation. Categorization utilizing natural informations without any pre processing techniques is a arduous work for the classifiers. The truth of the excavation algorithms is affected by the redundant, irrelevant and noisy properties in the information set. Generalizations of the machine acquisition algorithms are influenced by the dimension of the information set. Preprocessing techniques like characteristic choice and characteristic extraction eliminates excess, irrelevant properties and reduces noise from the information identifies prognostic characteristics therefore cut downing dimension of the informations. Many of the surveies available in the literature uses feature extraction techniques which transforms the properties or combines two or more characteristics therefore bring forthing new characteristic. Some surveies available in the literature utilizing feature choice techniques used either filters or negligees for choosing needed characteristic subset. Typically, filter based algorithms do non optimise the categorization truth of the classifier straight, but effort to choose characteristics with certain sort of rating standard. Filters have good computational complexness. The advantages are that the algorithms are frequently fast and the selected cistrons are better generalized to unobserved informations categorization. Different from filters, the wrapper attack evaluates the selected characteristic subset harmonizing to their power to better sample categorization truth [ 9 ] . The categorization therefore is â€Å" cloaked † in the variable choice procedure. Wrappers yield high truth. Furthermore, extra stairss are needed to pull out the selected characteristics from the embedded algorithms. To harvest the advantages of both methods hybrid algorithms are of recent research involvement. The thesis addresses the job of characteristic choice for machine larning through assorted methods to choose minimum characteristic subset from the job sphere. A good characteristic can lend a batch to the categorization. The classifier ‘s true value depends on the ability to pull out information utile for determination support. Existing CDSS systems are developed utilizing supervised algorithms, they require a batch of labelled samples for constructing the initial theoretical account. Obtaining labelled samples are hard clip devouring and dearly-won. But unlabelled samples are abundant. Semi supervised algorithms are suited for this state of affairs. These systems do non pull out the cognition available in the unlabelled samples. SSL combines both labeled and unlabelled illustrations to bring forth an appropriate map or classifier. When the labeled informations are limited, the usage of cognition from unlabelled informations helps to better the public presentation. SSL algorithms use the cognition from the abundant unlabeled samples for constructing the theoretical account.Aims of the workBetter the quality of medical determination support systems. Bettering the prognostic power of classifiers utilizing characteristic choice algorithms. Elimination of redundant, irrelevant and noisy characteristics without losing the important features of the information sphere. Improve generalisation of classifiers. Reducing the complexness of the algorithms.Benefits of the research workThe developed theoretical accounts in this research shall help the clinicians to better their anticipation theoretical accounts for single patients. More dependable diagnosing. Quality services at low-cost costs can be provided. Poor clinical determinations can be eliminated.

Barilla Spa Case Study Essay

1. Diagnose the underlying causes of the difficulties that the JITD program was created to solve. What are the benefits and drawbacks of this program? One of the underlying causes of the difficulties that the JITD program was created to solve was the effects of inconsistent demand that came from Barilla’s distributors. The extreme demand variation strained Barillas manufacturing and logistics, and made very hard for Barilla to meet that demand. For example, as noted on the case â€Å"the specific sequence of pasta production necessitated by the tight heat and humidity specifications in the tunnel kiln made it difficult to quickly produce a particular pasta that had been sold out due to unexpectedly high demand† (Barilla SpA). One of the benefits of implementing the JITD is to reduce the manufacturing cost. As Brando Vitali then Barilla’s director of logistics explained â€Å"we could try to reduce our own distribution costs, inventory levels, and ultimately our manufacturing costs if we didn’t have to respond to the volatile demand patterns of the distributors† this meant JITD will help reduce the costs associated with distribution channels, likewise distributors would not need to stock inventory that exceeds their real demand, and intern help them reduce their cost. Another benefit is that JITD will help improve Barilla’s visibility with trade and make the distributors more dependent on Barillas. As Vitali said â€Å"I think JITD should be considered a selling tool, rather than a threat to sales. We’re offering the customer additional service at no extra cost. In addition, the program will improve Barilla’s visibility with the trade and make distributors more dependent on us-it should improve the relationships between Barilla and the distributors rather than harm them.† Though this would require daily sales data input from distributers on products they shipped out from their warehouse to retailers during previous day and their current stock level, this would help barillas own forecast and would be just one step behind the retailers sell-through information. JITD might also help the relationship between Barilla and its distributors, since Barilla won’t need to use pressure on distributors to hold more finished products than necessary. While the JITD program has many beneficial it also has its drawbacks. One of them is the perception that the power will be transferred to Barilla, as one of the distributors was quoted â€Å"we would be giving Barilla the power to push product into our warehouses just so Barilla can reduce its costs.† Another drawback is that some of the distributors are not comfortable or willing to share their warehouse data, which is a vital piece in order for JITD program to work.   Furthermore, it might be hard for some retailers to report daily sales simply because they might not have the point-of-sale technology at their stores. 2. What conflicts or internal barriers to Barilla has JITD created? What causes these conflicts? How would you deal with them? JITD created lot of internal barriers to Barilla; while some of the concerns are easy to overcome others would need more convincing. For example, the sales department, sales representatives receive more on their compensation through commission from their sales. JITD would cut or reduce to zero most of sales people responsibilities, which in turn will squeeze their commission, as one sale man said â€Å"Our sales levels would flatten if we put this program in place†. As noted in the case most of the sales come from the promotions or incentives that marketing department advertises or promotes, JITD program would heavily affect the marketing department, and would make their job almost an obsolete. As one marketing representative quoted â€Å"we wouldn’t be able to run trade promotions with JITD, how can we get the trade to push Barilla product to retailers if we don’t offer some sort of incentive?† These conflicts are mostly caused by fear of losing jobs. Since these are legitimate concerns and a very possible outcome if JITD is implemented, from my opinion there are only two options either retrain all the employees that would be affected in a different positions or get rid of the JITD program all together and if it was up to me I would scrub the whole program all together. 3. As one of Barilla’s customers, what would your response to JIDT be? This would depend on whether I am a big retail store or a distributer. As a Barilla’s Distributor, my response to JIDT would be, why would I share my sales data to a supplier who also supplies the same products to my competitors? In addition, what makes Barilla’s management think that they can do superior job by making a better demand forecast then I do. I would think that Barillas is only looking after their interest by trying to reduce their inventory cost and as result dumping their product on me. On the other hand if am a big retailer the JITD program would help me reduce my overhead that comes from keeping a weeks of supply from Barilla in my store, and if there are any time gaps between when product is out and when new comes in I can use the shelf to move other quick turnaround products. 4. How would you proceed?  I would cancel the whole JITD program all together. Although the program has some benefits, its draw back and difficulties to implement out weight more than the benefits. The main problem that Barilla has is there average lead time which is 10 days and their distributors would prefer three days lead time; this was caused mainly by Barilla’s production line and machines as noted previously in the case, the specifications of each pasta and the time it takes in the tunnel kiln made it hard for Barilla to quickly produce and keep up with the demand. Barilla should look ways to improve the production line, whether by adding more lines to the production or building a smaller factories allocated strategically in the country, since, most of the Barilla’s products is consumed with in Italy, and depending on the region north or south, each consumes more type of Barilla product than the other.

Eco Plastic Solution Essay

This case focuses on determination of the cost of capital for a firm. The student determines the cost of individual sources of financing, including long-term debt, preferred stock, and common stock. The cost of debt is adjusted for Eco Plastics’ 40% tax bracket. The company is considering a new financial structure, with the replacement of preferred stock financing with debt financing. Additional use of debt increases the common stockholders’ required rate of return. The student is asked to compare the two weighted average costs of capital and identify the better financial structure for Eco Plastics Company. a. Cost of debt: Proceeds from sale of $1,000 par value bond: $1,000 − (average discount & floatation costs) $1,000 − ($45 + $32) = $923 Subsequent payments: Interest payments ($1,000 Ãâ€" 0.105) + Par value Before-tax cost of debt N = 20, PV = $923, PMT = −105, FV = −1,000 Solve for I = 11.50% After-tax cost of debt: ri = rd (1-T) = 11.5% (1−0.4) = 6.9% b. Cost of preferred stock: rp = Dp à · Np = (0.095 Ãâ€" $95) à · ($95 – $7) = $9.02 à · $88 = 10.25% c. Cost of common stock: rj = RF + [bj Ãâ€" (rm − RF)] = 0.04 + [1.3 Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04)] = 0.04 + [1.3 Ãâ€" 0.09] = 0.04 + 0.1170 = 15.7% d. Weighted average cost of capital: ra = (wi Ãâ€" ri) + (wp Ãâ€" rp) + (ws Ãâ€" rn) = (0.30 Ãâ€" 0.069) + (0.20 Ãâ€" 0.1025) + (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.157) = 0.0207 + 0.0205 + 0.785 = 0.1197, or about 12% e. 1. Change in risk Premium: Change in beta Ãâ€" market risk premium = (1.5 − 1.3) Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04) = 0.2 Ãâ€" 0.09 = 0.018 Shareholders require 1.8% more per year New cost of common equity: rj = RF + [bj Ãâ€" (rm − RF)] = 0.04 + [1.5 Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04)] = 0.04 + [1.5 Ãâ€" 0.09] = 0.04 + 0.1350 = 17.5% Note: 17.5% − 15.7% = 1.8% 2. Revised weighted average cost of capital: ra= (wi x ri) + (ws x rn) = (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.069) + (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.175) = 0.0345 + 0.0875 = 0.1220 3. Eco Plastics’ CFO should retain the cheaper current financial structure. Replacing preferred stock financing with debt financing results in more risk to the stockholders. The increase in stockholders’ required rate of return is more than offsets the advantage of using the low cost debt. If Eco Plastics’ CFO were to revise the capital structure, share price would fall and shareholder wealth would not be maximized.

A META-ANALYSIS OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY AMONG IMMIGRANT LATINO Essay

A META-ANALYSIS OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY AMONG IMMIGRANT LATINO POPULATION IN - Essay Example Thus, it is more comfortable for them to eat in fast foods and do not spend much time on cooking at home. A problem of obesity is a complex phenomenon that should be considered on the social, economic, psychological and cultural levels. A target group chosen for the research consists of immigrant Latino population in San Antonio, Texas. It has been often claimed, that ethnic minority groups are subjected to a high risk of becoming obese in comparison with other Americans. Lower living level, other spheres of occupation, a lack of proper education, inability to have a constant access to information about healthy way of life and possibilities to live this kind of life and many other factors have prevented ethnic minorities from being healthy people. Therefore, this target group is one of the most vulnerable social groups to the destructive influence of obesity. POPULATION: Latinos have become the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States of America, and are expected to grow to about one-fourth of the population by the year 2050 (Delva, O'Malley & Johnston, 2007). The term Hispanic is used interchangeably with Latino and refers to descendents of at least 25 different countries, all of which are Spanish speaking (Centrella-Nigro, 2009). Definition of Hispanic or Latino origin used in the 2010 Census refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Hispanics now make up 38 percent of Texas’s 25.1 million people, up from 32 percent a decade ago. Bexar County, which includes San Antonio, grew by 23.1 percent and is home to 1.7 million. In accordance with the 2010 census San Antonio population grew by 25 percent to 1.33 million people , the Hispanic population grew by 25 percent making to 63.2 percent Hispanics in San Antonio (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, over 30% of adolescents in Texas are overweight or obese. That is 1 in 3 teenagers. Obesity is not just a physical condition –it has many psychosocial implications that need to be acknowledged. PREVALENCE: According to the Health Profiles 2005 by The San Antonio Metropolitan Health District (SAMHD) the Hispanic population is expected to far outpace other ethnicities by 2040 and beyond. The Hispanic population faces well-documented health concerns, such as obesity. Programs addressing those areas should be maintained or increased. Bexar County’s Hispanic population is also younger with fewer college graduates than any other ethnic population. Those factors are often predictors of future poverty and increased risk for associated health problems such as obesity. Unfortunately, 90% of Hispanics in Bexar County have not earned at least a 4-year college degree. Moreover, the Hispanic population is burdened with additional risk factors for childhood obesity, including parental obesity, low socioecon omic status (SES), recent immigration, acculturation to US diet and lifestyle, and limited health insurance coverage, ethnic beliefs, differences in ideal body images, lack of appreciation of weight management, questionable literacy levels, and access to medical care (Wilson, Adolph, & Butte, 2009; Centrella-Nigro, 2009; & Harrington, 2008). Source: 2009 FITNESS GRAM, According to FITNESSGRAM a Healthy Weight equals BMI ranging from 14.7-27.8 for boys and 16.2-27.3 for girls

Module Effect on Sociological Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Module Effect on Sociological Identity - Essay Example The study of sociology is critical to my life as it has enhanced my sociological identity. The study of Sociology helped me to identify the link between Psychology and Sociology. The study of Sociology enabled me to realize that human psychology is very delicate, where a slight experience can cause an immeasurable impact on a person’s life. Distortion of family dynamics, personal growth, and group behaviour can occur due to the insensitivity of the human psychology to other people’s feelings. Anthony Giddens, a renowned sociologist, defined sociology as the scientific study of humankind’s social life societies and groups (Comte, 2010). This implies that sociology is a group aspect, and any diversion of a single group member from group norms causes widespread effects on all members. I believe that before the discovery of modern science and sociology, most people thought that spirits and gods were responsible for natural disasters such as earthquakes, thunderstorms, destructive rainfalls, barrenness, and mental illnesses. The discovery of Sociology that deals with family matters, culture, religion, language, and poverty has enabled people to acquire more intelligence and change their viewpoints towards various occurrences of life (Tischler, 2011). It is, therefore, critical for human society to study sociology and understand its connection to the world occurrences if we are to enhance the quality of our lives. The primary reason for studying sociology is that it has an impact on our daily lives. If the study is taken earnestly, valuable models and lessons to improve our lives will be generated (Heywood, 2007). The science is intended to make the future world a desirable place for the generations to come.

Data Governance Exercise Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Data Governance Exercise - Coursework Example It was primitively due to the failure of a disc arrival to an east London healthcare centre controlled by the NHS (BBC News, 2007). In relation to the scenario, NHS has faced a major challenge regarding the maintenance of patient information, which has grounded numbers of threats to the organisation along with its stakeholders including patients. In this regard, it is essential for NHS to adopt an effective set of cryptography system in its healthcare units to protect internal data. In response to avert the potential risk of losing data, NHS has been proposed to deploy an effective cryptographic algorithm cipher, ‘Red Pike’. Red Pike is one of the most effective ciphers developed by GCHQ, designed for protecting confidential information of the various kinds of organisations (Anderson & Roe, n.d.). Keeping with the notion of strengthening data security system, the report explores an in-depth understanding about the strengths and weaknesses of Red Pike to protect the internal and operational information of NHS. Moreover, the report also details and evaluates the safety of Red Pike to protect NHS operational information through different theoretical explanations. By the end, the report summarises the competencies of the Red Pike and recommends effective cipher for the organisation to protect internal information from external threats. The encryption of information and structuring them in accordance with the optimisation variety of the users can be considered as a major strength of Red Pike. The cryptographic characteristics of the cipher is designed with an exceptional form of coding that significantly protects unwanted guests and allows its users to gain the advantage of the cipher. The cryptographic algorithm of characteristics of the classified Red Pike provides major advantage to the users and organisations to analyse faults associated with the data security system. In this context, the

Is the MPAA Rating System Fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is the MPAA Rating System Fair - Essay Example rating system should not be ruled out, it would be appropriate to follow a fair open system rather than conforming to the outdated societal norms and beliefs. Unless and otherwise a renovation is made to the system, the whole thing seems to be of no worth to the film industry and its audience. Tracking back to the history of MPAA; in 1930, they crested the ‘Hays Code’ holding just two categories, ‘acceptable’ and ‘unacceptable’, which were later overhauled by the current 5-rating system in 1968, comprising of G, PG, PG-13, R, and NC-17 ratings. â€Å"For almost 40 years the US film industry was governed by the Motion Picture Production Code, which banned nudity, drug use, religious ridicule, disrespect for the law and other depictions in film that would have the effect of lowering society’s moral standards.† (Fieser, 2011). The system’s ultimate goal was to defend the artistic freedom of the filmmakers, at the same time, fulfilling the parent’s need to determine the film’s appropriateness for their children. Recently, there have been claims that the MPAA is not fair and is too conservative in its ratings. It is also criticized of being arbitrary in its rating decisions, consequently affecting numerous filmmakers with its random sexually-obsessed and biased judgments. This issue is well-portrayed in This Film Is Not Yet Rated, as it exposes the reasons and rules of ratings behind the mysterious organization, its membership and its bias in rating the films. To top of that, the film also uncovers the entity’s secrecy, its specific functioning and its rules. According to the film, the board does not have any specific members or guidelines but adheres to the so-called norms of an outdated system, which has turned out to be a mess. The entire concept of MPAA seems to be absurd in many cases. Normally, the NC-17 rating is regarded to have explicit sexual content, regardless of the scale of violence portrayed. What makes the issue harsher is that

Fallacies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fallacies - Assignment Example One common source of fallacies is the media and this paper seeks to examine two exemplary and common fallacies from this source and illustrate how this source construes information to convince the audience. This is a common fallacy that is committed over the television. Ignoratio elenchi directly translates to "irrelevant thesis", which in formal perspective refers to a negation that fails to concentrate on the central argument (Destiny 2008). As commonly seen in televised political debates between presidential candidates, the interviewer might ask one of the candidates how he can handle the rising unemployment rates should he or she become the president, then the candidate may answer â€Å"I am glad you asked, since unemployment is a major problem facing our country, however, my opponent’s strategy to handle this situation is entirely insufficient,† (Destiny 2008). As illustrated from this example, the presidential candidate completely negated the question. This is a potent and a simple form of illogical fallacy. It occurs when an individual misinterprets the position held by the opponent (Destiny 2008). Such an argument was televised in the year 2001 when President George Bush assumed office he advocated for a new system of testing in schools, and then formed an argument that those opposing such a system were not interested in holding the schools responsible for their poor performance. On subjection to retrospection, such an assertion was not true, and it is dismissed on the basis that other political opponents had offered other adequate alternatives. After having studied logic, I explicitly understand how to distinguish between firmly grounded arguments that in essence have a basis from fallacious statements. Therefore, I do not think that I will be fooled by these fallacies. Presenters of fallacious arguments essentially construe information to appeal to the viewer, and as such they generally assume

MGT 3190 Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MGT 3190 Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example This strategy along with others that have to do with market segmentation and brand positioning for maximum customer satisfaction has been used by the Mattel Company in order to evolve a strategy that is best suited for the purpose of an entry level product in a diverse global market. Therefore, a good entry-level strategy for the Mattel Company has involved introducing the fact that Barbie has an international face as it can be modified to cater to any kind of culture or country. In this regard, there has been long-term growth through the management of the immediate and other short-term risks. In this case, the main risk came from losing its exclusivity, which can be tackled through the direct investment strategy. (Finnigan, 2001) The Japanese market did not take very kindly to the Mattel Company's Barbie. This was basically due to the fact that the Japanese market did not understand Barbie with her long legs and wide chest. The physical attributes did not conform to the general attributes of Japanese women. This was a major problem apart from stiff competition from the doll names Takara which was a huge success in the Japanese market. Despite trying to strike a partnership with Takara, Barbie did not do very well. (Chonko, 1999) In order to do better business, Mattel could have first of all changed the way Barbie looked, to a certain degree. Even though, its priority list speaks of countries like UK and Australia as strategic places for expansion, internationalisation in today's world would mean a westward as well as an eastward growth owing to the fact that the East is booming and almost at par with the West as far as politics and economies are concerned. As an entry point mode, a company dealing with such products needs to make a more individualistic statement so as to avoid cheap imitations, which is what happened in the case of the Japanese market when it came up with its own 'Japanese Barbie' after the agreement between Mattel and Takara fell through. This calls for a mix of passive as well as consumer centric activities at the location as well as around it for better cultural orientation and market segmentation. For this, it is important to touch the pulse of the target consumers by being accessible to them distance wise and culture wise. Therefore, it will be found that for an entry level product in an international market, exploring the retail market is the best option. The direct investment strategy is the best one for the entry mode strategy. According to the entry level mode strategy, it is important for the product to take the characteristics of its target market into account apart from the investment plan it will follow in the course of going international. (Walter et al, 1988) In this regard, the entry level mode can be applied to find the areas where there is competitive advantage so as to find variations in the large consumer base that this product can enjoy in Japan. This will assist the company in finding an appropriate contractual or intermediate strategy that may be customised to fit into the Indian market in terms of segmentation. With franchising, licensing and other activities that will promote an

Bones a book by Fae Myenne Ng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bones a book by Fae Myenne Ng - Essay Example It tells the story of the American dream seen from the perspective of a Chinese girl. As the focal point encircles around the question whether Leila is a reliable narrator or not it becomes important to understand the true meaning of reliability in literature. In literature a 'reliable narrator' is a character who presents the characterization in a manner that could be identified with. However, a 'reliable narrator' must always stick to historical facts and there should never be factual errors in that aspect. Characters can be made up but the background of the time and society should never be tampered. Leila is reliable in that context and definitely a 'reliable narrator'. Leila narrates her life with her family and about her surroundings along with a believable description of the socio cultural pressure of being successful within the parameters of the society with wider perspectives of American livelihood. The novel starts with the sentence mentioning that "we were a family of three girls. By Chinese standards, that wasn't lucky. In Chinatown, everyone knew our story. Outsiders jerked their chins, looked at us, shook their heads. We heard things." (Ng, 1) This can be enumerated as a definite example that depicts the socio cultural aspects of the Chinese born population where the society is dominated by the male heirs of the family.

The Salomon Vs A Salomon Company Limited Case Essay

The Salomon Vs A Salomon Company Limited Case - Essay Example The irony is that just after the incorporation of business into the private limited company, an array of strikes started in the shoe making industry thus compelled the government to diversify its orders to other contractors in order to ensure uninterrupted supply of boots and shoes to the government. To meet the financial losses and to rehabilitate the company back to business borrowed pounds 5,000 from Mr. Edmund Broderip (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). Alternatively, the company assigned debentures of the same amount. The loan was acquired on a nominal interest against mortgage of property of the business entity (French, 2009). The losses of the company come to such an impasse that it was not in a position even to pay off the interest amount. Keeping in view the situation, the said creditor sued the company to foreclose the assets of the company. The company went into liquidation (French, 2009). The creditor got back his money from the liquidator. Mr. Salomon received back his secu rity which was held by the liquidator (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). Later on, the liquidator and Mr. Salomon as defendant counter claimed since debentures become ineffective as a result of the fraudulent transaction. Therefore, liquidator pleaded for all the money back that was invested in the business of Private Limited Company since its formation, revalidation of business contract with the government, call back the payable amount plus void of debentures (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd).... Edmund Broderip (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). Alternatively, the company assigned debentures of the same amount. The loan was acquired on a nominal interest against mortgage of property of the business entity (French, 2009). The losses of the company come to such an impasse that it was not in a position even to pay off the interest amount. Keeping in view the situation, the said creditor sued the company to foreclose the assets of the company. The company went into liquidation (French, 2009). The creditor got back his money from liquidator. Mr. Salomon received back his security which was held by the liquidator (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). Later on the liquidator and Mr. Salomon as defendant counter claimed since debentures become ineffective as a result of fraudulent transaction. Therefore, liquidator pleaded for all the money back that was invested in the business of Private Limited Company since its formation, revalidation of business contract with the government, call back t he payable amount plus void of debentures (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). Initially the High Court accepted the claim of Mr. Edmund Broderip. According to Justice Williams â€Å"it was undisputed that 20,000 shares were fully paid up and the company had a right to indemnity against Mr. Salomon. He said the signatories of the memorandum were mere dummies; the company was just Mr. Salomon in another form, an alias, his agent. Therefore, it was entitled to indemnity from the principal.† The claim was materialized accordingly (Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd). While confirming the decisions of Justice Williams on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had misused the authority, responsibility, perks that bestowed upon the genuine shareholders and

Advantages of Internet Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Internet Essay Science and technology play a very important role in our life. Most of our daily activities are greatly associated with science and technology. One of the contributions of science and technology to mankind is the invention of Internet. With this invention being so widely used, it has both advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, I shall discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. The first advantage of the internet is that it provides us with leisure. This is because the Internet can provide us with various endless entertainment. For example, we can watch videos in YouTube which has millions of videos from comedy to romance and horror to suit our mood. Not only that, some television networks have their own websites. These enables us to catch up on movies or television programmes on television which we have missed. Radio channels such as Class95 and Perfect10 also have their own sites to listen to radio programmes for those who do not own a radio set. There are also many sites that enable the users especially youths to watch anime or read manga online. This is good as this enables us to save money as the cost of a manga or anime DVD can be quite expensive. These different from of online entertainment will not only gives us leisure but also provide a medium in which we can relieve the daily stress from school and work. The second advantage of the internet is E-commerce which is growing rapidly and becoming more popular. Examples of e-commerce include online shopping and e-banking. Through online shopping, we can buy many things over the net which provides a range of products from all over the world with just a click of the mouse. Examples of famous online shopping sites are Yahoo!, Amazon and e-bay which sells various products from books and furniture to electronic devices and office supplies. Doing shopping online is indeed convenient as we do not need to travel to do our shopping. As a result, time is saved.

The Role And Importance Of Educational Research Philosophy Essay

The Role And Importance Of Educational Research Philosophy Essay Educational research is important because it is conducted in order to provide trustworthy information regarding educational problems and their solutions. There are many things that need to be considered when looking at what educational research is for example some thought needs to be put into looking at current paradigms, what counts as evidence in educational research, maintaining quality, and the role of peer review in validating new knowledge in educational research. There are many different approaches to educational research which are shaped by many different research paradigms. Koul (2008) states that the various research paradigms have different criteria for ontology and epistemology to maintain quality standards. The ontology and epistemology of a research paradigm influence researchers applying the quality standards, methodology and methods (para. 1). What is Educational Research: Research is a combination of both experience and reasoning and must be regarded as the most successful approach to the discovery of truth (Borg, 1963, as cited in Cohan, Manion, Morrison, 2000). Educational research can be defined as a purposeful and systematic enquiry to solve a problem, illuminate a situation or add to our knowledge (Mutch, 2005, pp. 14) by the discovery of non-trivial facts and insights (Howard Sharp, 1983, as cited in Bell, 2005, pp. 2) in relation to the improvement of education policy and practices, with a commitment to broader dissemination of research findings beyond publication in high status, international, refereed journals (Lingard Gale, 2010, pp. 31). In order to define educational research we must first look at what research is. Research is a combination of both experience and reasoning and must be regarded as the most successful approach to the discovery of truth, particularly as far as the natural sciences are concerned (Borg, 1963, as cited in Cohan, Manion, Morrison, 2000). Therefore Educational Research can be defined as a `purposeful and systematic enquiry to solve a problem, illuminate a situation or add to our knowledge (Mutch, 2005, pp. 14) `by the discovery of non-trivial facts and insights (Howard Sharp, 1983, as cited in Bell, 2005, pp. 2) `in relation to the improvement of education policy and practices, with a commitment to broader dissemination of research findings beyond publication in high status, international, refereed journals (Lingard Gale, 2010, pp. 31). Anderson and Arsenault, (1998) suggest that there are ten characteristics of educational research that can be grouped into three main categories; the purpose of research, the procedures of research and the role of researcher (p. 7). They go on to explain that the purpose of research is to solve the problems and develop knowledge, the procedure involves collecting or generating data with accurate observation, objective interpretation, and verification. It also involves carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis (Anderson and Arsenault, 1998 pp. 7), and finally the role of researchers is to be patient and careful in every step of the researchers procedures, and be experts in their area of study, which requires them to use research data to develop solutions and increase knowledge. What is a Paradigm: The use of this fashionable word came about from the philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn. The word comes from the Greek work paradeigma which translates literally as pattern. It is used in social science to describe an entire way of looking at the world (Davidson Tolich, 1999). It can be viewed as a basic set of beliefs held by an individual that represent a worldview which defines the nature of the world, the individuals place in it and the range of possible relationships to that world and its parts (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 200) A paradigm relates to a particular set of philosophical assumptions about what the world is made of and how it works. One way to consider a paradigm is as a collection of ontological and epistemological assumptions (Davidson Tolich, 1999). Inquiry paradigms define for inquirers what it is they are about, and what falls within and outside the limits of legitimate inquiry. (http://prk.dreamwidth.org/60977.html) Examining paradigms define for inquirers what paradigms are about and what fall within in and outside the limits of that paradigm? Denzin and Lincon (1998) state that there are three fundamental questions that need to be addressed in order to complete research. These questions are; the epistemological question, the ontological question, and the methodological question it is important to note that however one answers a question it effects how they answer the other two. The Epistemological Question: Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge. http://www.translationdirectory.com/glossaries/glossary007_e.htm Epistemology raises the questions of how we know what we know, and what is knowledge. http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophybranches/p/Epistemology.htm It encompasses the debate on if knowledge can be obtained through experience (Empiricism) or by the use of reasoning (rationalism). The epistemological question is asking what the form and nature of reality is and, what can be known about it? Denzin and Lincoln (1998) uses the example of if a real world is assumed, then what can be known about it are how things really are or how things really work where as other questions like matters of aesthetic or moral significance, fall outside the realm of legitimate scientific inquiry. (pp. 201) Questions for analysing paradigms Research paradigms Positivism Epistemological questions Nature of knowledge Knowledge can be described in a systematic way Knowledge consists of verified hypotheses that can be regarded as facts or laws. Probabilistic i.e. holds true for large groups of people or occurs in many situations Knowledge is accurate and certain Role of theory Theories are: Normative Present models General propositions explaining causal relationships between variables Theory building/testing Postulate a theories that can be tested in order to confirm or reject Prove a theory from observable phenomena / behaviour Test theories in a controlled setting, empirically supporting or falsifying hypotheses through process of experimentation Role of research Uncover reality i.e. natural laws Scientifically explain / describe, predict and control phenomena Research findings are true if: Can be observed an measured Can be replicated and are generalizable Role of common sense None only deductive reasoning (Voce, 2004 pp. ) The Ontological Question: Ontology is defined by as What is the nature of the relationship between the knower or would be knower and what can be known? Denzin Lincoln (1998) continue with their example of reality being assumed because one has already answered the epistolocial question the posture of the knower must be one of objective detachment or value freedom in order to discover these thing.. What is the nature of the relationship between the knower or would be knower and what can be known? The answer that can be given to this question is constrained by the answer already given to the ontological question; that is, not just any relationship can now be postulated. So if, for example, a real reality is assumed, then the posture of the knower must be one of objective detachment or value freedom in order to discover how things really are and how things really work (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 201). Questions for analysing paradigms Research paradigms Positivism Ontological Questions Nature of reality An objective, true reality exists which is governed by unchangeable natural cause-effect laws Consists of stable pre-existing patterns or order that can be discovered Reality is not time- nor context-bound Reality can be generalised Nature of human beings Rational Shaped by external factors (same cause has the same effect on everyone) i.e. mechanical model / behaviourist approach. Under certain conditions people will probably engage in a specified behaviour (Voce, 2004) The Methodological Question: Methodology is defined by the free dictionary as a body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline or engage in an inquiry; a set of working methods http://www.thefreedictionary.com/methodological Therefore the methodological question surrounds how the inquirer goes about finding out what they believe can be known? Depending on what answers have already been given to the above questions they will constrain the answer to this one, whether the methods are qualitative or quantitave. The methodological question cannot be reduced to a question of methods; methods must be fitted to a predetermined methodology (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 201) How can the inquirer (would be knower) go about finding out whatever he or she believes can be known? The answer that can be given to this question in constrained by answers already given to the first two questions; that is, not just any methodology is appropriate. For example, a real reality pursued by an objective inquirer mandates control of possible confounding factors, whether the methods are qualitative (e.g. observational) or quantitative (e.g. analysis of covariance). The methodological question cannot be reduced to a question of methods; methods must be fitted to a predetermined methodology (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 201). Questions for analysing paradigms Research paradigms Positivism Methodological questions Role of researcher Objective, independent from the subject Investigator often controls the investigated Role of values Science is value-free Values have no place in research must eliminate all bias Methods Empirical Structured and replicable observation Quantification / measurement Experimental directly manipulate variables and observe Type of studies Survey studies Verification of hypotheses Statistical analysis Quantitative descriptive studies What is Positivism: Knowledge is based not on unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations, but rather upon human conjectures (Phillips Burbules, 2000). Positivism is an epistemological perception which states that only knowledge which is based on sensory experience and positive verification is authentic knowledge. More simply worded, positivism is the view that all true knowledge is scientific, and that all things are ultimately measureable. Positivism emerged from the success of the scientific approach in natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. The impetus for this came from the overwhelming success of science in understanding and solving problems in the natural world. The ontology of positivism is realism; an apprehend able reality that is assumed to exist, driven by immutable natural laws and mechanisms. Knowledge of the ways things are is conventionally summarised in the form of time- and context-free generalizations, some of which take the form of cause-effect laws. Research can, in principle, converge on the true state of affairs. The basic posture of the paradigm is argued to be both reductionist and deterministic (Hesse, 1980, cited in Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 204). The epistemology of positivism is dualist and objectivist; meaning the investigator and the investigated object are assumed to be independent entities, and the investigator to be capable of studying the object without influencing it or being influenced by it. When influence in either direction (threats to validity) is recognised, or even suspected, various strategies are followed to reduce or eliminate it. Inquiry takes place as through a one-way mirror. Values biases are prevented from influencing outcomes, so long as the prescribed procedures are rigorously followed. Replicable findings are, in fact, true (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 204). The methodology of positivism is experimental and manipulative. Questions and/or hypotheses are stated in propositional form and subjected to empirical tests to verify them; possible confounding conditions must be carefully controlled (manipulated) to prevent outcomes from being improperly influenced (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 204). Originally conceptualised by Auguste Comte in the early 19th Century (Pickering, 1993), positivism has been greatly criticised, including by positivist themselves. A number of the concerns raised have influenced the epistemological position taken within this research; particularly that knowledge is a social variable, knowing one is the subject of a study, changes in ones behaviour, and the notion of subjectivity and value orientation. What is Social Construction of Reality/ Post-Positivism: The Social Construction Reality/ Post-positivism paradigm include the following paradigms: interpretive, critical, feminist, and postmodern paradigm. I think interpretive paradigm is the paradigm that most education research is  based on  at the University of Waikato. The social construction of reality assumes that knowledge is subjective and unique therefore researchers undertake systematic and painstaking analysis of social episodes (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2007, pp. 19). This is a less reductionist approach to research recognizing the importance of context and aiming to represent how participants view their world. Rather than seeking generalisations this paradigm accepts that reality is multilayered and complex (Cohen et al, 2007, pp. 21) therefore data collected are open to multiple interpretations. This approach is more speculative based on the assumption that theory is emergent therefore the researcher should not be seeking evidence purely to support a predetermined hypothesis. Post-positivism is a meta-theoretical stance that analyses and adjusts positivism in light of the criticisms which positivism, as a scientific paradigm, has received. Post-positivism offers primary amendments to the positivist paradigm. Firstly, that the absolute separation of the knower and the known is not assumed; and secondly, that a single, shared reality which excludes all others is not assumed to be a true basis for reasoning. It is critical to note that post-positivism is not a rejection of the scientific paradigm, but seeks to amend the criticisms associated with positivism (Phillips Burbules, 2000; Zammito, 2004). Post-positivism states that knowledge is based not on unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations, but rather on human conjectures (Phillips Burbules, 2000; Zammito, 2004). Epistemologically speaking post-positivism works on the position that facts and law deduced through research are probably true (Guba Lincoln, 2005) in light of evidence provided (Phillips Burbules, 2000; Zammito, 2004). Post-positivism of this type is common place in social science for conceptual and practical reasons (Phillips Burbules, 2000; Zammito, 2004). What are the differences between the two Meta-Paradigms: Based on the literature, the most fundamental differences between both paradigms are how they search for the truth and define validity and reliability. The positivist paradigm seeks and finds them in a (perceived)  value free and objective evidence based world and the constructivists in a subjective, contextual and interpretive world (Silverman 2005, p. 6; and Cohen et al. 2007, p. 26). Research as creating new knowledge: Positivism and Post-positivism create knowledge by a process of accretion, with each fact (or probable fact) serving as a kind of building block that, when placed into its proper niche, adds to the growing edifice of knowledge. When the facts take the form of generalisation or cause-effect linkages, they may be used most efficiently for prediction and control. Generalisations may then be made, with predicable confidence, to a population of settings (Denzin Lincoln, 1998, pp. 212). What counts as evidence in Educational Research: What counts as evidence in educational research depends on what is being asked. If one is looking at effectiveness of direct impact then there would be a different type of key evidence compared to if the question was in relation to the nature of a problem, or how some intervention worked or how a naturally occurring process takes place. Basically the kinds of evidence that will count will depend on the nature of the proposition. Anyone that is interested in the evidence needs to remember that the evidence is always connected to what was being asked or the proposition. One cannot take for granted that it is true one needs to still ask: how is the connection made possible? And what values, assumptions and conventions are behind that kind of connection? (Andrews, 2007). Maintaining quality in Educational Research: The quality standards related to the post/positivist paradigm are validity and reliability. This is because the focus of this is to discover the truth using empirical investigation. Anderson and Arsenault (1998) write that validity refers to the extent to which what we measure reflects what we expected to measure [which] has two forms: internal and external (pp. 257). Related to the research, the term internal validity refers to how the findings meet the expected results. While, external validity refers to being able to generalise the findings to other situations and contexts. Therefore, an experiment is valid if the results are appropriate to the manipulated independent variable and if they are able to be generalised to individuals or contexts other than the experiments setting (Gay Airasian 2000, pp. 371). Because the focus of this paradigm is to find out the truth, reliability is an important indicator for the consistency of the research findings. Anderson and Arsenault (1998) state that reliability refers to the extent that an instrument will yield the same results each time it is administered (pp. 256) an example of this is, if you were to administer a survey the larger the source of the data you collect the more it will be reliable as the results become more generalised the more it will give the same results the next time you did it. Furthermore, trustworthiness is a foundational criteria to maintaining quality. Trustworthiness can be broken down into four quality standards these being, credibility using multiple methods and perspectives and member checking, transferablility by providing rich data and thick descriptions, dependability by having a detailed audit trail, and comformability can be achieved by giving readers clear track of data and interpretations. (Anderson and Arsenault 1998) Peer Review. Research shows the benefits of Peer review doesnt only improve the language that authors use and they way their ideas are presented, but also alerts them to statistical and scientific errors in their research, inappropriate methodology, or accuracies in referencing which they can then correct before the publication. (Taylor and Francis Author Services, 2010) An example of this is when one submits his/her work to an international journal for anonymous refereeing by unknown peers, they read they article critically and then suggest for it to be accepted, rejected, or most often revised and improved before it is published. Without this external seal of approval many scientists would consider any results as preliminary, potentially flawed (Gannon, 2001). Conclusion Conclusion: Educational research with its characteristics is influenced by four major paradigms. Each paradigm has its own epistemology, ontology, and quality standards which influence the researchers to find the truth and see the reality. The important point is that knowing the nature of each paradigm which can help the researchers to conduct their research process. Researchers can conduct the research within and across paradigms which is called multi-paradigmatic research paradigms (Taylor, 2008). The nature of educational research is analogous with the nature of research itself, which is systematic, reliable and valid to find the truth, investigates knowledge, and solves problems. Moreover, educational research process involves steps to collect the information in order to investigate problems and knowledge. However, the educational research is more complex because it can use various approaches and strategies to solve problems in educational setting. It also can involve many disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, behaviour, and history. In addition, educational research is important because of contributing knowledge development, practical improvement, and policy information. Therefore, educators can use those research findings to improve their competences and teaching and learning process (Yulirahmawati, 2008).

Guide On Crafting And Executing Business Strategy Marketing Essay

Guide On Crafting And Executing Business Strategy Marketing Essay

The Detrimental Effects of Global Warming Essay examples -- Expository

The Detrimental Effects of Global Warming The morning sun begins to shed its light on the city below. Turning off the alarm, James removes his Dexcron SleepInhaler 4000 to breathe in what little oxygen he can. Feeling light-headed, he quickly dresses into the day’s apparel consisting of a climate controlled, blue bio-suit and an oxygen tank. Today marks the first day of the month so he turns his calendar as he walks towards the door. He closes the door wondering what caused the world to be this way. All he can remember is that the temperature has been rising since he was born and the hottest day on record, 122 degrees in Cleveland, was recorded last week. Exposing himself to the outdoor elements, he waits for the public shuttle in the sweltering early morning heat of September 1, 2036. The issue of global warming is a very complex one. While it revolves around pollution and other factors, the basic principle stems from the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural process resulting from various atmospheric components like water vapor and carbon dioxide trapping the Sun’s energy in the lower atmosphere (Gille). This trapped energy causes the Earth’s temperature to rise. Without this process, the global temperature would be a frigid 10 degrees below zero (Salmon). Some scientists believe that human industrialization is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to rise. The resulting theory is global warming. Yes, the possible results of global warming should be a concern of the global community and burning fossil fuels cannot be beneficial, but nature is to blame, not human negligence. People who believe in the theory of global warming have justi... ...ohn C. â€Å"Greenhouse Effect.† World Book. 1994. â€Å"Global Warming ‘Consensus’ Claim Doesn’t Hold Water.† National Center for Public Policy Research. 8 Feb. 1998. 4 Dec. 2002 . Gore, Al. â€Å"Immediate Measures Should Be Taken to Combat Global Warming.† Bender, David, Ed. Global Warming: Opposing Viewpoints. New York: Greenhaven, 1997. Jastrow, Robert. â€Å"The Magnitude of Global Warming Will Not Be Extreme.† Bender, David, Ed. Global Warming: Opposing Viewpoints. New York: Greenhaven, 1997. â€Å"New Science on Global Warming.† Natural Resources Defense Council. 27 Sep. 2002. 5 Dec. 2002 . Salmon, Jeffrey. â€Å"Global Warming Does Not Pose A Serious Threat.† Bender, David, Ed. Global Warming: Opposing Viewpoints. New York: Greenhaven, 1997.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a book about a boy named Harry Potter who is a wizard. Its setting is in London, which is where Harry lives. The time element is supposed to be present day, but it is a fiction book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry has spent all summer waiting to hear news about Lord Voldemort, a evil wizard that Harry saw return the year before, but nobody believes him. One evening after listening to news ,he decides to go for a walk. He then sees his cousin, who he lives with and hates. They then get in a fight and Harry pulls out his wand and at that exact moment two dementors attack them. Dudley thinks Harry is attacking him so he punches Harry. Harry then heroically saves them both by producing a patronus and driving away the dementors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They get back home and Harry gets a letter from the Ministry of Magic that says because he used magic he is expelled (Harry is underage and underage wizards aren't supposed to use magic). He is horrified. He can't believe he was expelled. Hogwarts was the only good thing in his life. He then gets another letter that says he isn't expelled but that he has to go to a hearing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Harry's friends here about him being expelled they are speechless. Hermoine just can't understand why he might be expelled when he saved Dudley. She is aghast. Ron is stupefied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry goes to the hearing and is cleared, but there is a new teacher at Hogwarts that makes Harry's life miserable. Her name is Professor Umbridge. She was one of the people at Harry's hearing that said he was guilty. She is really rude to Harry. She gives him detention and makes him write lines with a quill that scratches whatever you write into your hand and uses your blood as ink. She also takes away Harry's privilege of playing Quidditch ever again. Somehow Harry gets through it all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax is when Harry goes to the Ministry of Magic to rescue his godfather, Sirius, but Sirius isn't there. There are some people there though. They are the Deatheaters, Lord Voldemort's loyal servants. There is then a big fight where the Deatheaters try to steal a prophecy from Harry. Then Lord Voldemort himself arrives after the prophecy was smashed. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a book about a boy named Harry Potter who is a wizard. Its setting is in London, which is where Harry lives. The time element is supposed to be present day, but it is a fiction book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry has spent all summer waiting to hear news about Lord Voldemort, a evil wizard that Harry saw return the year before, but nobody believes him. One evening after listening to news ,he decides to go for a walk. He then sees his cousin, who he lives with and hates. They then get in a fight and Harry pulls out his wand and at that exact moment two dementors attack them. Dudley thinks Harry is attacking him so he punches Harry. Harry then heroically saves them both by producing a patronus and driving away the dementors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They get back home and Harry gets a letter from the Ministry of Magic that says because he used magic he is expelled (Harry is underage and underage wizards aren't supposed to use magic). He is horrified. He can't believe he was expelled. Hogwarts was the only good thing in his life. He then gets another letter that says he isn't expelled but that he has to go to a hearing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Harry's friends here about him being expelled they are speechless. Hermoine just can't understand why he might be expelled when he saved Dudley. She is aghast. Ron is stupefied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry goes to the hearing and is cleared, but there is a new teacher at Hogwarts that makes Harry's life miserable. Her name is Professor Umbridge. She was one of the people at Harry's hearing that said he was guilty. She is really rude to Harry. She gives him detention and makes him write lines with a quill that scratches whatever you write into your hand and uses your blood as ink. She also takes away Harry's privilege of playing Quidditch ever again. Somehow Harry gets through it all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax is when Harry goes to the Ministry of Magic to rescue his godfather, Sirius, but Sirius isn't there. There are some people there though. They are the Deatheaters, Lord Voldemort's loyal servants. There is then a big fight where the Deatheaters try to steal a prophecy from Harry. Then Lord Voldemort himself arrives after the prophecy was smashed.

Animal Farm-The hunger for power Essay

The Hunger for Power In kindergarten, many usually want to be the line leader. For some, leadership comes naturally and taking charge of things is what they like to do. For others, it is easier to stay in the shadows and let other people lead. However, this leads to problems when one person or group pirates power and uses it to one’s advantage. In the novel, Animal Farm, the author, George Orwell, creates a story where animals revolt and expel their neglectful owner, Farmer Jones, from the farm. The pigs slowly start to form a dictatorship and rule over the other animals. They make up rules that benefit the pigs alone. Two pigs that fight for power, Snowball and Napoleon, begin to use fear and manipulation to get what they want while they still stay in favor of the animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to adopt Farmer Jones’ ways. They start to become more like the humans that they learn to fear and hate at the beginning of the revolution. In the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell uses the lit erary devices of symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphors to demonstrate the theme of hazards of dictatorship. There are many symbols in Animal Farm. The novel is an allegory, or a symbolical narrative, that reflects on the problems of the dictatorships of Czar Nicholas II and Joseph Stalin. Soon after the revolution, Napoleon starts to take charge over the other animals. â€Å"Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar†¦with a reputation for getting his own way† (Orwell 16). Napoleon gets his own way, especially with the help of the fierce dogs he raises to do exactly what he wants. This symbolizes how Stalin uses fear and intimidation, of his secret police, to get what he wants out of the people he rules over. It also helps that Napoleon is a pig, and in the novel, the pigs are known to be the smartest of the animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to take advantage of the animal’s stupidity. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others† (Orwell 27). Here, the pigs manipulate the animals to think that the pigs are in charge, because they are the smartest and the brainwork of the farm. This represents how Stalin uses his propaganda, like Napoleon uses Squealer, to persuade the people that they need to work harder for the benefit of the new government because it is good for everyone in the end. In reality, it is not good for everyone. In the novel, the animal’s hardwork benefits the pigs alone. There is â€Å"evident weakness and vanity at  the core of the pig dictatorship† (Letemendia 129). V.C. Letemendia, author of â€Å"Revolution on Animal Farm,† describes the definite lack of unity and equality in the animals’ new government. Whenever the pigs manipulate the animals and trick them to do or think a certain way, it is for the pigs’ own good, not the good of the whole farm. That is the weakness this author describes in his work. Dictatorship corrupts because of the vanity and greed of the dic tators. The pigs, as dictators of the other animals, use manipulation to benefit only themselves and their wants. The pigs set themselves above all the other animals. They think they get special treatment and discredit the other animals even though they do all the work on the farm. The pigs counter this argument and claim they are the brainwork of the farm. The pigs start to trick the animals, and slowly, they lead them under their power. At first, the pigs and the other animals seem unified, but then the equality they portray with the animals starts to rapidly diminish. As a reader, one can foreshadow things to come in the novel, especially when the pigs slowly lead the other animals under their power and dictatorship. The pigs and the animals no longer seem equal as the pigs start to manipulate the animals to do what they want. The pigs start to take advantage of the stupidity of the other animals. They also start to claim certain privileges over the other animals, and to prove that they deserve these privileges, they use their convincing pig Squealer. â€Å"†¦the milk and the windfall a pples should be reserved for the pigs alone† (Orwell 36). Here, the pigs request privileges that benefit only themselves. This predicts that the pigs become more like leaders over the other animals just like Farmer Jones. The more the pigs set themselves above the other animals, the more one can predict that the pigs’ power eventually assists them when they become dictators. Old Major, the wise old pig, warns the animals about the possible rise of a single power if the animals do not follow the commandments. â€Å"Above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers†¦All animals are equal† (Orwell 11). Old Major, who is very wise, predicts that if the animals do not come to understand that they are all equal, and they are all â€Å"brothers†, then they will not successfully uphold their dignity and the dignity of all the animals. Old Major warns of a tyranny of one kind of animal over the other types of animals. The pigs form a dictatorship and believe they are  above everyone else because they are the smartest. Even though the pigs use their power over the other animals, the animals still rely on the pigs because they are not very smart. The pigs think they need to step in and take over the role of the smartest leaders. â€Å"The increasingly tyrannous doings of the pigs who run the farm†¦flawless reciprocal trust or all perish together† (Ridenour 39). Louis Ridenour, author of Animal Farm is an Amusing and Alarming Novel, describes how the tyranny of the pigs who overpower the other animals increases throughout the novel. The pigs start with something small, and they take the privilege to eat any of the apples away from the other animals. Then, pretty soon, the animals enter servitude under the pigs. Dictatorship corrupts because of the vanity and greed of the dictators. This shows how the pigs, as dictators of the other animals, use manipulation to benefit only themselves and their wants. They start to trick the animals, and slowly, they lead them under their power. The pigs demand special privileges for themselves and they start to tyrannize over the other animals until the animals pretty much do their work for barely enough food to keep them alive. Even though wise Old Major warns the pigs, they do not heed his words and instead the meaning of, â€Å"All animals are equal,† goes to waste when the pigs turn it around and make rules and privileges to benefit the pigs’ selfish wants† (Orwell 11). The pigs’ greed for power shows when they start to follow in the footsteps of the human, Farmer Jones, who they successfully overthrow in the animals’ revolution. The hostile gap between animals and humans clearly shows in Orwell’s novel, especially during the revolution on animal farm. The animals’ enemies are the humans, and vice versa, because each group covets the other group’s power. They each want that power for themselves. Both the pigs and the humans show a hunger for power and dictatorship. â€Å"†¦pigs and humans may come to look the same at the end, but they are still essentially enemies and share only a greed for power† (Letemendia 133). V.C. Letemendia, author of â€Å"Revolution on Animal Farm,† is describing the greed and overuse of power both the humans and the pigs come to have. Each are victims of greed and selfishness. They are not enemies of eachother, but rather, they are enemies of greed and want of the other group’s power. Orwell depicts the hostility between the animals and humans very well. He states, â€Å"All men are enemies. All animals are comrades† (Orwell 10). The animals think that to work well together and be â€Å"comrades,†Ã‚  one has to be an animal. Animals can never be friends to humans because they are evil, and therefore an animal must always consider humans as enemies. Part of the reason the animals are hostile to the humans is because Farmer Jones does not treat the animals with respect, and instead he neglects his duties to take care of the animals. When his neglect goes too far, the animals rebel against him and establish themselves as the power and therefore take the responsibility of the farm. The animals, under their oppressor Farmer Jones, are miserable and want to end their hardships. After the revolution, they simply go back to their miserable ways when the pigs form a dictatorship and become the animals’ new oppressors. â€Å"No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth† (Orwell 7). Orwell compares the lives of the animals with the misery and slavery they are forced to endure under their many oppressors who are Jones and the pigs. The animals never know freedom because of the constant dictatorship of their many oppressors, humans and animals. The animals think their enemies are only Jones and all humans, when in reality, their true enemies are the dictators that rule over them and the greed those dictators have for power. The animals’ lives consist of fear for themselves, and of course, fear of the slavery they must endure. Constantly they endure many toils and hardships under their irresponsible oppressors. The animals, under their cruel dictators, do not realize their lives will be better if Jones becomes their owner again. They are very confused because of the persuading words of the pigs, that they do not even remember when Jones became their owner. George Orwell, author of Animal Farm, uses the literary devices of symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphors to present the theme of hazards of dictatorship. The pigs symbolize dictators, such as Joseph Stalin, who use their power to benefit only themselves and their wants. Just like Stalin and other dictators, the pigs set themselves above all the other animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to take advantage of their intelligence, and the animal’s stupidity. They use fear and manipulation to achieve the power that they want. This represents how Stalin uses his propaganda to persuade the people that they need to work harder for the benefit of the new government because it is good for everyone in the end. When a dictatorship occurs, the ones of lesser importance or the ones with less power are not treated with respect or dignity. They are cheated, their  rights are abused, and their oppressors use manipulation to remain with power. The pigs demand special privileges for themselves and they start to tyrannize over the other animals. One can realize the pigs’ hunger for power when they start to follow the ways of Farmer Jones, who they want to successfully overthrow in the animals’ revolution. The hostility between the animals and humans clearly shows in Orwell’s novel, especially during the revolution. The animals, at the start of the novel, are hostile to Farmer Jones and his power over them. The animals, under their oppressor Farmer Jones, are miserable and want to end their hardships. They think they are better off without the dictatorship of their master. After the revolution, the animals simply go back to their miserable ways when the pigs form a dictatorship and become the animals’ new oppressors. In Animal Farm, Orwell believes that all revolutions come to fail. When a revo lution occurs, the original power is overthrown, and maybe for a while, the group as a whole work together for the good of everyone. Then, as every group with a goal must have a leader, dictatorship is established and the group falls back into the state of oppression once more.

Western states

1. Earthquakes top in mixed part of unite States. The temblors that occur crimson across the coun establish ranges in order of magnitude and the encounter of occurrences. Earthquake with highest magnitude that was preserve in history occurred in Alaska plot of land the one with lowest magnitude occurred in the Idaho field of operation of United States. From the national seismic hazard maps (2008) shows that certain bea of joined states be more prone to pom-pom bit approximately atomic number 18as deplete contain probability and while both(prenominal) land are at a lesser probability of occurrence.Western states such(prenominal)(prenominal) as California, Nevada, operating theater and Arizona are at high risk of quakes while constituents such as South Dakota, Wisconsin and Minnesota are at the lowest risk of temblor occurrences. Those at moderate risk include Oklahoma, atomic number 18 and Missouri. The relative probability risk of seism occurrences ranges from the low risk primal and northerly region to the moderate region of some of the eastern states to the highest risk of the western states or region. 2.On the map, the color of Houston Texas is relatively grayish demonstrate that this region is at a disap item risk or probability of quake occurrence within the next cubic decimeter years. 3. Data from the USGS in regards to the latest earthquakes in the universe of discourse (showing that of the past 7 geezerhood in terms of their magnitude and the date of occurrence) indicate that distribution of earthquakes around the world is not even. The map shows 208 different earthquakes in relation to the time of occurrence and their magnitude.Regions such as the western part of the USA, the area of Alaska, Northern part of South America, some northern and eastern parts of Australia and the Confederate part of Asia shows earthquake experiences that are within the range of 5-7 magnitude and they squeeze out be felt. Around the some pa rt of central Asia there are some disjointed distributions of earthquakes which are of lower magnitudes and most are not usually felt. 4. The details of the earthquake that occurred on the southern Ameri stomach unspotted are as follows magnitude 5.0, fixing 12. 100 degree S, 75. 338 degree W, PERU region with location uncertainty of Horizontal +/_ 13. 5 km (8. 34) depth +/- 3. 4km (2. 1 miles). The earthquake occurred on Saturday, August 01, 2009 at 230704 UTC. 5. Im never pass to be allowing to alive in those regions with higher probability of earthquake plainly because prevention is better than cure. Having considering various social, environmental and economic impacts on the lives of spate being change by earthquake, I provide never consider hold in such red regions. 6.In home where Im forced to live in such areas I entrust consider some of the precautions that can protagonist me and family to take aim and prevent ourselves from being affected by such disaster. So me of what I can do to champion my family contrive for such situation includes the use of the USGS resources which answers peoples and family prepare for earthquake events. The resources that have been found to help in such situations are categorised into the following How can I programme ahead for an earthquake What emergency fork up do I need What to do during an earthquakeIn order for me to help my family prepare for such an event in the future if last I was forced to relocate to the red areas are as follows I volition make sure each of my family constituent knows what to actually do no involvement wherever they are during an earthquake such as establishing a meeting point where we can reunite after afterwards, keep out the preventive measure or plan by the children schools for an earthquake attack, and suppose that transportation may be cut finish during the event hence there is a need to keep supplies whenever there is venture to do so.I bunk in any case tr y as much as affirmable to prevent any form of cease outbreak that might worsen the situation. This will be achieved by turning off all the units that can lead to escape and subsequent fire incidence. I will immediately locate the fire and police force station or any on tap(predicate) emergency facilities for any rescue. I will also talk to my neighbor in preparedness for an earthquake so for us to know what we can do to help each other during and after an attack. I will also take finical training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and kickoff aid processes. 7.The list of the most deadly earthquakes that occurred in the world are the earthquake that occurred in Pakistan in 2005 and that which occurred at eastern Sichuan, China in the year 2008. The earthquake at Pakistan recorder about 86000 while that of the china recorded about 87,587 deaths. on that point are several missing bodies during both events and thousands of people became homeless after the events. This list of m ost destructive earthquakes shows that science is as yet to be able to predicts or support earthquake because if they have the power or knowledge to do so, we ought not to have massive destruction like the ii most recent earthquakes.8. Seismograms is the seismological puppet that scientist has been able to create to detect grumble of the earth which usually indicate events personnel casualty on within the earth layers and also the magnitude of a particular earthquake. What can be consider to be the primary(prenominal) motivation for beating seismograms is the understanding of what lead to earthquakes that is the faults and the shakings that occurred within the ground which afterwards causes earthquake. They develop this tool so as to be able to detect this shakings and measure it magnitude. 9.This geologic energy is different from biological in the sense that movements of the blocks within the earth sequel in the conversion of energy caused by the friction into the heat en ergy which subsequently contributes to the earthquakes while biological energy (which is metrical in terms of calorie ) are usually derived from the chemical energy and not the frictional energy. The two forms of energy are similar in the sense that they can be converted to heat energy. References Lisa,W. (2009). The acquaintance of Earthquakes. Earthquake misadventure Programs Retrieved August 2, 2009 from http//earthquake. usgs. gov/ reading/kids/eqscience.php USGS, (2009). earthquake preparedness. FAQs Retrieved August 2, 2009 from http//earthquake. usgs. gov/ information/faq/? faqID=79 USGS, (2009). Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths. around Destructive Known Earthquakes on show in the World Retrieved August 2, 2009 from http//earthquake. usgs. gov/regional/world/most_destructive. php USGS, (2009). National Seismic luck maps-2008. Retrieved August 2, 2009 from http//gldims. cr. usgs. gov/nshmp2008/viewer. htm USGS, (2009). Earthquake Facts . Earthquake Hazard programs R etrieved August 2, 2009 from http//earthquake. usgs. gov/learning/facts. php